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Techno.Guides
Guides and Cheat Pages
Here are included various guides and cheat pages of languages, and computer commands for fast reference and study!
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Thu 23.04.2026
FreeBSD Cheat Page
FreeBSD Cheat Page for Commands
MODELO TCP/IP — CAMADAS, PROTOCOLOS E UNIDADES DE DADOS
========================================================
CAMADA PROTOCOLOS COMUNS UNIDADE O QUE CONTEM
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
APLICACAO HTTP, HTTPS, FTP MENSAGEM dados do usuario
SSH, TELNET, SMTP "GET /index.html"
DNS, SNMP, NTP comandos, respostas
IMAP, POP3, SIP
TRANSPORTE TCP, UDP SEGMENTO porta origem
SCTP (TCP) porta destino
DATAGRAMA numero de sequencia
(UDP) checksum
dados da aplicacao
REDE/INTERNET IP (v4, v6) PACOTE IP origem
ICMP (ping, traceroute) (IP) IP destino
IGMP (multicast) TTL
IPsec protocolo (TCP=6)
dados do segmento
ENLACE/ Ethernet FRAME MAC origem
DATALINK WiFi (802.11) (Ethernet) MAC destino
PPP, VLAN (802.1q) ethertype (IPv4=0x0800)
ARP * dados do pacote IP
FCS (checksum)
FISICA Cabo par trancado BITS sinais eletricos
Fibra optica (fisico) sinais de luz
Sinal radio WiFi frequencias de radio
Coaxial
* ARP opera entre enlace e rede — traduz IP para MAC
===========================================================================
RELACAO ENTRE MAC, IP, ARP E FRAMES
===========================================================================
MAC = endereco fisico da placa de rede. nao muda. gravado em hardware.
formato: 00:1b:b9:c2:82:8c (6 bytes, hexadecimal)
escopo: so vale dentro do segmento local (nao roteia)
IP = endereco logico do host na rede. pode mudar (DHCP).
formato: 192.168.0.10 (IPv4, 4 bytes)
2001:db8::1 (IPv6, 16 bytes)
escopo: global, roteia pela internet inteira
ARP = protocolo que traduz IP em MAC dentro da rede local
pergunta: "quem tem 192.168.0.1? me diga seu MAC"
resposta: "sou eu, MAC 54:47:cc:c9:3f:92"
cache: tabela temporaria, expira (FreeBSD: ~20min)
comando: arp -a
FRAME = envelope da camada enlace. contem o pacote IP dentro.
descartado e recriado a cada salto de roteador.
PACOTE = envelope da camada rede. contem o segmento TCP dentro.
viaja inalterado de ponta a ponta.
SEGMENTO = envelope da camada transporte. contem os dados.
TCP garante entrega e ordem. UDP nao garante.
===========================================================================
COMO UM PACOTE HTTP VIAJA: FreeBSD → Google
===========================================================================
APLICACAO cria: "GET /index.html HTTP/1.1"
TRANSPORTE adiciona: porta origem 54321, porta destino 80
REDE adiciona: IP src 192.168.0.10, IP dst 142.250.79.46
ENLACE adiciona: MAC src 00:1b:b9:c2:82:8c
MAC dst 54:47:cc:c9:3f:92 (MAC do gateway)
[FreeBSD] --------frame 1--------> [roteador] ------frame 2------> [Google]
MAC:seu→gateway MAC:gateway→proximo_salto
IP: 192.168.0.10→142.250.79.46 IP: inalterado o tempo todo
TCP: porta 54321→80 TCP: inalterado o tempo todo
a cada roteador:
- frame Ethernet e DESCARTADO
- pacote IP e LIDO para decidir proximo salto
- frame NOVO e criado com MACs do proximo trecho
- pacote IP segue INTACTO ate o destino
===========================================================================
ENCAPSULAMENTO — BONECA RUSSA
===========================================================================
+------------------------------------------------+
| FRAME ETHERNET |
| MAC src | MAC dst | ethertype |
| +------------------------------------------+ |
| | PACOTE IP | |
| | IP src | IP dst | TTL | protocolo | |
| | +------------------------------------+ | |
| | | SEGMENTO TCP | | |
| | | porta src | porta dst | seq | ck | | |
| | | +------------------------------+ | | |
| | | | DADOS DA APLICACAO | | | |
| | | | "GET /index.html HTTP/1.1" | | | |
| | | +------------------------------+ | | |
| | +------------------------------------+ | |
| +------------------------------------------+ |
+------------------------------------------------+
| FCS (checksum do frame) |
+------------------------------------------------+
===========================================================================
ICMP — O PROTOCOLO DO PING E TRACEROUTE
===========================================================================
ICMP vive na camada de rede, junto com IP.
nao tem portas. usado para diagnostico e controle.
ping: envia ICMP Echo Request, espera Echo Reply
traceroute: envia pacotes com TTL crescente (1,2,3...)
cada roteador decrementa TTL
quando TTL=0 o roteador descarta e manda ICMP
Time Exceeded de volta — revelando seu IP
TTL (Time To Live): contador de saltos. evita loops infinitos.
cada roteador subtrai 1. chegou a 0: pacote descartado.
valor tipico de saida: 64 (Linux/BSD) ou 128 (Windows)
===========================================================================
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
ENDERECAMENTO IP — IPV4 E CIDR
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
################
ESTRUTURA DO ENDERECO IPV4
################
32 bits divididos em 4 octetos de 8 bits cada
formato: xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
exemplo: 203.0.113.100
cada octeto: 2^8 = 256 valores possiveis (0 a 255)
total de enderecos IPv4: 2^32 = 4.294.967.296 (~4,3 bilhoes)
################
CIDR — CLASSLESS INTER-DOMAIN ROUTING
################
notacao: endereco/prefixo
exemplo: 203.0.113.100/26
o numero apos a barra indica quantos bits sao fixos (parte de rede)
a barra nao significa divisao — e apenas um separador de notacao
surgiu nos anos 90 para substituir a notacao verbosa de mascara:
notacao antiga: 203.0.113.100 255.255.255.192
notacao CIDR: 203.0.113.100/26 (equivalente)
################
CALCULO DE HOSTS E MASCARA
################
bits livres = 32 - prefixo
hosts = 2 ^ bits livres
mascara = 256 - hosts (no ultimo octeto)
exemplo /26:
bits fixos: 26
bits livres: 32 - 26 = 6
hosts: 2^6 = 64
ultimo octeto em binario: 11000000 = 128+64 = 192
mascara: 255.255.255.192
exemplo /24:
bits fixos: 24 (tres octetos completos reservados a rede)
bits livres: 32 - 24 = 8
hosts: 2^8 = 256 (o octeto inteiro e seu)
mascara: 255.255.255.0
################
MASCARA EM BINARIO
################
/24 → 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 → 255.255.255.0
/25 → 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 → 255.255.255.128
/26 → 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 → 255.255.255.192
/27 → 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 → 255.255.255.224
/28 → 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 → 255.255.255.240
/29 → 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000 → 255.255.255.248
/30 → 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100 → 255.255.255.252
/31 → 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111110 → 255.255.255.254
/32 → 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 → 255.255.255.255
################
TABELA DE PREFIXOS
################
prefixo bits livres hosts blocos mascara
------- ----------- ----- ------ ---------------
/24 8 256 1 255.255.255.0
/25 7 128 2 255.255.255.128
/26 6 64 4 255.255.255.192
/27 5 32 8 255.255.255.224
/28 4 16 16 255.255.255.240
/29 3 8 32 255.255.255.248
/30 2 4 64 255.255.255.252
/31 1 2 128 255.255.255.254
/32 0 1 256 255.255.255.255
################
BLOCOS DO ULTIMO OCTETO — EXEMPLO /26
################
/26 divide o octeto em 4 blocos de 64 enderecos:
0 – 63 → rede 203.0.113.0/26
64 – 127 → rede 203.0.113.64/26 ← .100 cai aqui
128 – 191 → rede 203.0.113.128/26
192 – 255 → rede 203.0.113.192/26
para achar o bloco de um IP:
divida o ultimo octeto pelo tamanho do bloco, arredonde para baixo
exemplo: 100 / 64 = 1 (resto 36) → bloco comeca em 1x64 = 64
################
ENDERECOS RESERVADOS EM CADA BLOCO
################
primeiro endereco = endereco da rede (nao atribuivel a hosts)
ultimo endereco = broadcast (nao atribuivel a hosts)
hosts uteis = total - 2
/30 → 4 enderecos, 2 uteis (link ponto-a-ponto)
/29 → 8 enderecos, 6 uteis
/26 → 64 enderecos, 62 uteis
excecao /31: RFC 3021 permite uso em links ponto-a-ponto
excecao /32: host route — representa uma unica maquina na tabela de rotas
################
OBSERVACOES
################
- o sistema binario usa base 2 (digitos 0 e 1)
n bits = 2^n combinacoes possiveis
- IPv4 esgotado desde 2011 (IANA) / 2019 (RIPE Europa)
- IPv6 usa 128 bits: 2^128 = 340 undecilhoes de enderecos
- NAT permite multiplos hosts compartilharem um IP publico
e o principal motivo do IPv4 ainda estar em uso
- CGNAT: NAT feito pela operadora em escala — seu roteador
recebe um IP privado em vez de um IP publico
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
COMANDOS DE REDE - DIAGNOSTICO E DISCOVERY
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
################
INTERFACES E ENDERECOS
################
ifconfig # mostra todas as interfaces e IPs
ifconfig em0 # mostra interface especifica
ifconfig | grep inet # filtra so enderecos IPv4
ifconfig | grep inet6 # filtra so enderecos IPv6
prefixos de interfaces
ifconfig interface-name inet IP-address netmask
ifconfig em0 inet 203.0.113.250 255.255.255.0
ifconfig em0 inet 203.0.113.250/24
ifconfig em0 inet6 2001:db8::bad:c0de:cafe/64
:: sao zeros seguidos mas so pode usar 1 vez
################
CONECTIVIDADE
################
ping -c 4 8.8.8.8 # ping com 4 pacotes
ping -c 1 -W 1 192.168.0.1 # ping rapido com timeout de 1s
traceroute 8.8.8.8 # rota ate o destino
traceroute6 ipv6.google.com # traceroute via IPv6
################
DNS
################
host google.com # resolucao DNS simples
host 8.8.8.8 # DNS reverso (IP -> nome)
nslookup google.com # consulta DNS interativa
drill google.com # alternativa ao dig no FreeBSD
drill MX google.com # consulta registro especifico
################
PORTAS E SERVICOS LOCAIS
################
sockstat -l # todas as portas abertas e processos
sockstat -l -p 80 # filtra porta especifica
netstat -an # todas conexoes e portas
netstat -an | grep LISTEN # so portas escutando
netstat -rn # tabela de rotas
netstat -w 5 -d # displays how many packets and bytes
your system is processing
################
TABELA ARP- ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) é o mecanismo que traduz IP para MAC e a tabela é um cache temporário dessa tradução.
IPv6 uses Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) to map IPv6 addresses
to MAC addresses. IPv6-only hosts will not show up in your ARP table,
and IPv4-only hosts will not appear in the NDP table
################
(Criar tabela via Ping ou Nmap Antes)
arp -a # todos os MACs conhecidos na rede
arp -d 192.168.0.112 # remove entrada especifica do cache
################
NMAP - DISCOVERY
################
nmap -sn -PE --send-ip 192.168.0.0/24 # acha todos os hosts (ping)
nmap -sn 192.168.0.0/24 # acha hosts via ARP
nmap -Pn -F 192.168.0.1 # scan rapido sem ping
################
NMAP - PORT SCAN
################
nmap 192.168.0.1 # portas comuns
nmap -p- 192.168.0.1 # todas as 65535 portas
nmap -F 192.168.0.1 # 100 portas mais comuns
nmap -p 80,443,22,21 192.168.0.1 # portas especificas
nmap -Pn -p 8082,8083,8084,8085 192.168.0.112-115 # range de IPs
################
NMAP - IDENTIFICACAO
################
nmap -sV 192.168.0.1 # versao dos servicos
nmap -O 192.168.0.1 # sistema operacional
nmap -A 192.168.0.1 # tudo: OS, versao, scripts
nmap -sV -oN resultado.txt 192.168.0.0/24 # salva resultado em arquivo
################
IP PUBLICO
################
curl ifconfig.me # mostra seu IP publico real
curl -6 ifconfig.me # IP publico via IPv6
################
FUNCOES NO ~/.shrc
################
# varre subnet e lista hosts com MAC e fabricante
netscan() {
SUBNET=${1:-192.168.0.0/24}
nmap -sn -PE --send-ip --host-timeout 10s $SUBNET
}
alias www='cd /usr/local/www/apache24/data' #Alias para cd no diretorio web do Apache
alias ll='CLICOLOR_FORCE=1 /bin/ls -AGlhiF | less -FR' #Alias para ls com cores e scroll
alias la='CLICOLOR_FORCE=1 /bin/ls -AGlahiF | less -FR' #O mesmo mostrando ocultos
trap 'fc -W' EXIT HUP TERM #Salva comandos do shell sh fechando abruptamente ou usar Ctrl+D
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ FIREWALL @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
Comandos do dia a dia
pfctl -sr Ver regras ativas
pfctl -ss Ver conexões abertas (states)
pfctl -si Status e estatísticas gerais
pfctl -f /etc/pf.conf Recarregar regras sem reiniciar
pfctl -nf /etc/pf.conf Testar sintaxe sem aplicar
pfctl -d ⚠ Desativar PF imediatamente (emergência)
Gerenciar IPs bloqueados (brute force)
pfctl -t bruteforce -T show Ver IPs bloqueados
pfctl -t bruteforce -T delete 1.2.3.4 Desbloquear um IP específico
pfctl -t bruteforce -T flush Limpar toda a tabela
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ SHELL SH — ATALHOS @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
Ctrl+A vai para o inicio da linha
Ctrl+C interrompe o processo
Ctrl+D EOF — encerra entrada ou sessao
Ctrl+E vai para o fim da linha
Ctrl+G bell — bipe do terminal (ASCII 7)
Ctrl+H backspace (ASCII 8)
Ctrl+I tab (ASCII 9)
Ctrl+J linefeed
Ctrl+L limpa a tela (igual a clear)
Ctrl+R busca no historico — digita parte do comando
Ctrl+U apaga a linha inteira
Ctrl+W apaga a palavra anterior
Ctrl+Z suspende o processo atual
Alt+. repete o ultimo argumento do comando anterior
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ NAVEGACAO @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
cd / vai para a raiz do sistema
cd ou cd ~ vai para o home do usuario
cd /caminho caminho absoluto
cd .. sobe um nivel
cd ../.. sobe dois niveis
cd - volta ao diretorio anterior (muito util!)
pwd mostra o diretorio atual
#### Tab — autocompletar
#### ctrl + seta pro lado pula palavra
cd /usr/lo<Tab> completa para /usr/local/
cd /usr/local/w<Tab> completa para /usr/local/www/
#### Historico
history lista os ultimos comandos digitados
!! repete o ultimo comando
!ls repete o ultimo comando que comecou com "ls"
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ COMANDOS @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
#### cat
Le e exibe o conteudo de um arquivo.
cat /var/log/messages mostra o arquivo inteiro
cat arquivo.txt | grep "erro" filtra linhas (pode usar grep direto no arquivo)
#### chfn
Edita informacoes do usuario exibidas pelo finger.
chfn celso
~/.plan e ~/.project tambem aparecem no finger
#### cp / mv
Copia ou move arquivos.
cp arquivo.txt ../.. copia dois niveis acima
cp arquivo.txt ../outra/ copia para pasta irma
mv arquivo .. move para o diretorio pai
mv arquivo arquivo2 renomeia arquivo ou pasta
#### crontab
Agenda tarefas recorrentes. NAO editar /var/cron/tabs/root diretamente.
crontab -l lista as tarefas
crontab -e edita
Sintaxe: minuto hora dia mes dia_semana comando
O * * * final significa "todo dia, todo mes, todo dia da semana".
0 */8 * * * /script.sh a cada 8h (0h, 8h, 16h)
0 */12 * * * /script.sh 2x por dia (0h e 12h)
0 */6 * * * /script.sh 4x por dia (0h, 6h, 12h, 18h)
0 3 * * 1 /script.sh toda segunda-feira as 3h
Dias da semana: 0=dom 1=seg 2=ter 3=qua 4=qui 5=sex 6=sab
#### dmesg
Exibe mensagens do kernel geradas no boot.
dmesg | less navega com espaco/q
dmesg > /tmp/boot.log salva em arquivo
#### export
Define variavel de ambiente para a sessao.
export EDITOR=ee define ee como editor padrao (em vez do vi)
Para persistir, adicionar ao ~/.profile:
EDITOR=ee; export EDITOR
#### find
Busca arquivos por nome, inode, etc.
find / -inum 5 2>/dev/null acha arquivo pelo numero de inode
find /home -inum 8138 -delete apaga pelo inode (util para nomes corrompidos)
#### freebsd-update
Atualiza o sistema base do FreeBSD.
freebsd-update fetch baixa as atualizacoes
freebsd-update install instala
reboot
freebsd-version confirma a versao apos reboot
Versao atual: 14.3-RELEASE-p10
#### fsck
Verifica e repara o filesystem. Usar em Single User Mode.
No boot: escolher Single User, pressionar Enter no prompt do shell
fsck -fy / verifica e corrige automaticamente
#### grep
Filtra linhas de texto por padrao.
grep "erro" /var/log/messages busca em arquivo
grep -i "erro" arquivo.txt ignora maiusculas/minusculas
grep -r "palavra" /etc/ busca recursiva em diretorio
grep -n "palavra" arquivo.txt mostra numero da linha
grep -v "palavra" arquivo.txt mostra o que NAO tem a palavra
grep -c "palavra" arquivo.txt conta quantas linhas encontrou
#### htpasswd
Cria ou atualiza senha do HTTP Basic Auth do Apache.
htpasswd -B -c /usr/local/etc/apache24/.htpasswd Protegido
-B = bcrypt (mais seguro) -c = cria arquivo novo
#### locate
The locate program searches a database for all pathnames which
match the specified pattern.
locate -i ignora case
#### ls
Lista arquivos e diretorios.
ls -la listagem detalhada com arquivos ocultos
ls -li inclui numero de inode (util com find -inum)
ls .. lista o diretorio pai
ll list customizado
la list customizado mostra ocultos
#### mail
Le e-mails do sistema.
mail abre caixa de entrada (/var/mail/root)
mail -f le /root/mbox (e-mails ja lidos)
Dentro do mail:
h lista headers
z / z- avanca/volta pagina de headers
h5 vai direto ao header 5
U5 marca mensagem 5 como nao lida
#### pkg
Gerenciador de pacotes do FreeBSD.
pkg update atualiza indice de pacotes
pkg upgrade atualiza pacotes instalados
pkg info dynamic_motd info de pacote ja instalado
pkg search dynamic_motd busca no repositorio remoto
#### ps
Lista processos em execucao.
ps aux | grep apache verifica se o Apache esta rodando
#### smartctl
Verifica saude do disco (SMART).
smartctl -A /dev/ada0 | grep UDMA_CRC
Monitora erros CRC — indica problema de cabo ou energia. Contador atual: 540.
#### sockstat
Mostra todas as portas abertas e conexoes ativas.
sockstat -4 -l lista portas IPv4 em escuta
#### su
Muda para root no ambiente completo dele.
su -
#### tail
Monitora o final de um arquivo em tempo real.
tail -f -n 20 /var/log/messages ultimas 20 linhas, atualiza ao vivo
tail -f /var/log/messages | grep "error" filtra so linhas com "error"
#### talk / write
Comunicacao entre usuarios logados no sistema.
talk root chat interativo (requer que o outro aceite)
write root envia mensagem diretamente no prompt do outro
#### yes
Ocupa o processador gerando carga (teste de CPU).
yes > /dev/null imprime "y" infinitamente e descarta — usa 100% de um core
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ PIPES @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
O pipe | passa a saida de um comando como entrada do proximo.
grep "error" /var/log/messages busca direta (sem cat)
cat arquivo | grep "erro" equivalente, mas desnecessario aqui
tail -f /var/log/messages | grep "error" monitora log ao vivo filtrando por "error"
ps aux | grep apache verifica se o Apache esta rodando
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ FIGLET @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
figlet -c -f doom "FREEBSD" centralizado, fonte doom
Fontes recomendadas: big, doom, slant, small, smslant, standard
Loop para testar todas as fontes instaladas:
for f in /usr/local/share/figlet/*.flf; do
echo "=== $(basename $f .flf) ==="
figlet -f "$f" "FREEBSD"
done | less
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ TAREFAS ESPECIAIS @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
#### Apagar arquivo/diretorio por inode (nome corrompido)
ls -li /usr/local/www/apache24/data/home descobre o inode
find /usr/local/www/apache24/data/home -inum 8138 -delete
#### Consertar filesystem (Single User Mode)
No boot: escolher Single User, pressionar Enter no prompt do shell
fsck -fy /
#### Definir editor padrao permanentemente
ee ~/.profile
Adicionar a linha:
EDITOR=ee; export EDITOR
#### Monitorar erros de disco
smartctl -A /dev/ada0 | grep UDMA_CRC
English Grammar Reference
do basico ao avancado · estrutura · verbos · tempos · modais · conditionals · phrasal · collocations
BrE = British English · AmE = American English · pp = past participle · irr. = irregular ·
sg = singular · pl = plural · S = Subject · V = Verb · O = Object
① Pronouns — sujeito · objeto · possessivo · reflexivo
| Person | Subject | Object | Possessive adj. | Possessive pron. | Reflexive |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | |||||
| 1a sg. | I | me | my | mine | myself |
| 2a sg. | you | you | your | yours | yourself |
| 3a sg. masc. | he | him | his | his | himself |
| 3a sg. fem. | she | her | her | hers | herself |
| 3a sg. neutro | it | it | its | — | itself |
| plural | |||||
| 1a pl. | we | us | our | ours | ourselves |
| 2a pl. | you | you | your | yours | yourselves |
| 3a pl. | they | them | their | theirs | themselves |
| uso | |||||
| Subject/Object | She called me. · They saw us. · I told him. | adj.: This is my car. · pron.: This car is mine. · ✗ This car is my. | |||
| Reflexive | I did it myself. · She hurt herself. · We enjoyed ourselves. · enfase: He himself said so. | ||||
② Articles — A / AN / THE / zero article
| Artigo | Uso | Exemplo correto | Erro comum |
|---|---|---|---|
| A / AN — indefinido | |||
| a | antes de som consoante | a dog · a car · a university /ju:/ | ✗ a apple → ✓ an apple |
| an | antes de som vogal | an apple · an hour /auər/ · an MBA | ✗ an university → ✓ a university |
| a / an | 1a mencao / geral / profissao | I saw a dog. · She is a doctor. · He's an engineer. | ✗ She is doctor. |
| THE — definido (especifico, ja conhecido, unico) | |||
| the | 2a mencao / unico no contexto | I saw a dog. The dog was barking. | ✗ I saw the dog. (1a vez) |
| the | unico no mundo / superlativo | the sun · the moon · the best · the Amazon | ✗ Sun is hot. → ✓ The sun is hot. |
| the | grupos geograficos / rios / oceanos | the USA · the Alps · the Pacific · the UK | ✗ the Brazil → ✓ Brazil |
| ZERO article — sem artigo | |||
| ∅ | plural geral / uncountable geral | Dogs are loyal. · Water is essential. · I like music. | ✗ The dogs are loyal. (= todos os caes) |
| ∅ | nomes proprios / paises / linguas / refeicoes | Brazil · English · She eats breakfast at 7. | ✗ the Brazil · ✗ the English (em geral) |
③ Plural · Countable vs Uncountable · Quantifiers
| Categoria | Countable (contavel) | Uncountable (incontavel) |
|---|---|---|
| Definicao | pode contar: 1 cat, 2 cats | nao conta: water, money, advice, news, information, luggage, furniture |
| Plural regular | cat→cats · bus→buses · city→cities · knife→knives | sem plural: ✗ informations · ✗ advices · ✗ furnitures |
| Plural irregular | child→children · man→men · woman→women · mouse→mice · tooth→teeth · foot→feet · person→people · sheep→sheep · fish→fish | — |
| quantifiers — erro classico de estrangeiro | ||
| muito / muitos | many · a lot of · plenty of · a great number of | much · a lot of · plenty of · a great deal of |
| pouco / poucos | few (quase nenhum) · a few (alguns) | little (quase nada) · a little (um pouco) |
| some / any | some cats (afirm.) · any cats? (neg./perg.) | some water (afirm.) · any water? (neg./perg.) |
| no / none | no cats · none of the cats | no water · none of the water |
| each / every / all | each student · every student (singular!) · all students (plural) | all the water · all the information |
| ⚠ How much? (uncountable) · How many? (countable) · ✗ How many informations? → ✓ How much information? | ||
④ TO BE — todas as pessoas
| Person | Present | Pres. Neg. | Past | Past Neg. | Future | Fut. Neg. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | ||||||
| I | am / 'm | I'm not | was | wasn't | will be / 'll be | won't be |
| You | are / 're | aren't / 're not | were | weren't | will be | won't be |
| He / She / It | is / 's | isn't / 's not | was | wasn't | will be | won't be |
| plural | ||||||
| We / You / They | are / 're | aren't / 're not | were | weren't | will be | won't be |
| perguntas | ||||||
| Q. | Am I? · Are you/we/they? · Is he/she/it? | Was I/he/she/it? · Were you/we/they? | Will I/you/he/she/it/we/they be? | |||
| formas compostas | ||||||
| Progressive | I am going · He is going · They are going | I was going · He was going · They were going | I will be going · They will be going | |||
| Perfect | I have been · He has been · They have been | I had been · He had been · They had been | I will have been · They will have been | |||
⑤ DO / DOES / DID — auxiliar universal
| Person | Present | Pres. Neg. | Pres. Q. | Past | Past Neg. | Past Q. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I / You / We / They | do | don't + V | Do I/you/we/they + V? | did | didn't + V | Did I/you/we/they + V? |
| He / She / It | does | doesn't + V | Does he/she/it + V? | did | didn't + V | Did he/she/it + V? |
| usos especiais | ||||||
| Enfase | I do like it! · She does work hard! · They do care! | I did go! · He did call! · She did know! | ||||
| Regra critica | do/does/did + verbo BASE · ✗ she didn't worked → ✓ she didn't work · Nao usar com to be nem modais | |||||
⑥ TO HAVE / HAVE GOT
| Person | Present | Pres. Neg. | Past | Past Neg. | Future | Fut. Neg. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I / You / We / They | have / 've | don't have / haven't | had | didn't have / hadn't | will have | won't have |
| He / She / It | has / 's | doesn't have / hasn't | had | didn't have / hadn't | will have | won't have |
| perguntas | ||||||
| Q. | Do you have? / Does he have? | Did you have? / Had you? | Will you have? | |||
| have got — posse (BrE/informal · sem passado/futuro proprio) | ||||||
| I / You / We / They | have got / 've got | haven't got | — (usar: had) | — (usar: will have) | ||
| He / She / It | has got / 's got | hasn't got | — (usar: had) | — (usar: will have) | ||
| Q. have got | Have you got? / Has he got? | have got = posse · have = acao (Have lunch, ✗ have got lunch) | ||||
| have como auxiliar do perfect | ||||||
| Perfect | I have eaten · He has gone · They have seen | I had eaten · He had gone (past perfect) | I will have eaten (future perfect) | |||
⑦ THERE IS / THERE ARE
| N | Present | Neg. | Past | Neg. | Future | Neg. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sing. | There is / There's | There isn't / There's no | There was | There wasn't | There will be | There won't be |
| Pl. | There are / There're | There aren't / There are no | There were | There weren't | There will be | There won't be |
| Q. Sing. | Is there? | Was there? | Will there be? | |||
| Q. Pl. | Are there? | Were there? | Will there be? | |||
| Perfect | There has been (sg.) · There have been (pl.) | There had been | There will have been | |||
⑧ Estrutura da Frase — Syntax · Ordem · Posicao
| Tipo | Padrao | Exemplo | Nota |
|---|---|---|---|
| Afirmativa | S + V + O | She reads books. | sujeito antes do verbo sempre |
| Negativa | S + aux + not + V | She doesn't read. · She did not go. | auxiliar obrigatorio |
| Pergunta | Aux + S + V? | Does she read? · Did he go? | auxiliar inverte com sujeito |
| Adverbio freq. | S + adv + V | I always eat early. · She never goes out. | antes do verbo principal |
| Adv. freq. + be | S + be + adv | She is always late. · They are never home. | depois do to be |
| Tag question | ..., aux + S? | You like it, don't you? · She went, didn't she? · He is here, isn't he? | final de frase |
| Ordem adverbio | lugar antes de tempo | She works here every day. · He went to London last week. | tempo no final da frase |
⑨ Question Words — WH-
| Palavra | Pergunta sobre | Estrutura | Exemplos |
|---|---|---|---|
| What | coisa / acao / informacao | What + aux + S + V? | What do you want? · What is that? · What happened? |
| Who | pessoa (sujeito) | Who + V? (sem aux se sujeito) | Who called? · Who is she? · Who did you see? |
| Where | lugar | Where + aux + S + V? | Where do you live? · Where is the station? |
| When | tempo / momento | When + aux + S + V? | When does it start? · When did you arrive? |
| Why | razao / motivo | Why + aux + S + V? | Why are you late? · Why did she leave? |
| How | modo / maneira | How + aux + S + V? | How do you do it? · How are you? |
| Which | escolha entre opcoes | Which + noun + aux + S? | Which one do you want? · Which bus goes downtown? |
| Whose | posse | Whose + noun + aux + S? | Whose bag is this? · Whose car did you take? |
| how + adjetivo — perguntas de grau e quantidade | |||
| How much | quantidade (uncountable) | How much + N? | How much does it cost? · How much water? |
| How many | quantidade (countable) | How many + N? | How many people came? · How many do you need? |
| How long | duracao / comprimento | How long + aux + S? | How long have you been here? · How long is it? |
| How far | distancia | How far + is/aux + S? | How far is the airport? · How far did you run? |
| How often | frequencia | How often + aux + S? | How often do you exercise? |
| How old | idade | How old + is/are + S? | How old are you? · How old is the building? |
| sujeito vs objeto em WH- | |||
| Sujeito sem auxiliar: Who called? · What happened? | Objeto com auxiliar: Who did you call? · What did you buy? | ||
⑩ Mapa dos 13 Tempos
| Tempo | Formacao | Exemplo (I) | Negativa | Pergunta |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PAST | ||||
| Past Simple | V-ed / irr. | I worked · I went | I didn't work/go | Did I work/go? |
| Past Continuous | was/were + V-ing | I was working | I wasn't working | Was I working? |
| Past Perfect | had + pp | I had worked | I hadn't worked | Had I worked? |
| Past Perf. Cont. | had been + V-ing | I had been working | I hadn't been working | Had I been working? |
| PRESENT | ||||
| Present Simple | V / V-s (3sg) | I work · He works | I don't / He doesn't | Do I? / Does he? |
| Present Cont. | am/is/are + V-ing | I am working | I'm not working | Are you working? |
| Present Perfect | have/has + pp | I have worked | I haven't worked | Have you worked? |
| Pres. Perf. Cont. | have/has been + V-ing | I have been working | I haven't been working | Have you been working? |
| FUTURE | ||||
| Future Simple | will + V | I will work | I won't work | Will I work? |
| Future Cont. | will be + V-ing | I will be working | I won't be working | Will you be working? |
| Future Perfect | will have + pp | I will have worked | I won't have worked | Will you have worked? |
| Fut. Perf. Cont. | will have been + V-ing | I will have been working | I won't have been working | Will you have been working? |
| Going to | am/is/are going to + V | I'm going to work | I'm not going to work | Are you going to work? |
⑪ Verbos Irregulares — nucleo essencial
| Base | Past | PP | Base | Past | PP | Base | Past | PP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| be | was/were | been | have | had | had | do | did | done |
| go | went | gone | get | got | got/gotten | come | came | come |
| see | saw | seen | know | knew | known | think | thought | thought |
| say | said | said | tell | told | told | speak | spoke | spoken |
| give | gave | given | take | took | taken | make | made | made |
| find | found | found | leave | left | left | put | put | put |
| bring | brought | brought | buy | bought | bought | sell | sold | sold |
| write | wrote | written | read | read /rɛd/ | read /rɛd/ | run | ran | run |
| eat | ate | eaten | drink | drank | drunk | drive | drove | driven |
| break | broke | broken | choose | chose | chosen | fall | fell | fallen |
| feel | felt | felt | keep | kept | kept | meet | met | met |
| send | sent | sent | spend | spent | spent | stand | stood | stood |
| sit | sat | sat | cut | cut | cut | let | let | let |
| lose | lost | lost | win | won | won | hear | heard | heard |
| show | showed | shown | grow | grew | grown | fly | flew | flown |
| begin | began | begun | build | built | built | catch | caught | caught |
| hold | held | held | lead | led | led | pay | paid | paid |
| wear | wore | worn | throw | threw | thrown | draw | drew | drawn |
⑫ Spelling Rules — plural · -ing · -ed · comparativo
| Regra | Condicao | Plural | -ing | -ed | Comparativo |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| regra 1 — CVC (consoante + vogal + consoante) · dobra a consoante final | |||||
| dobra consoante | CVC · 1 silaba · acento na ultima | — | run→running · sit→sitting · swim→swimming · stop→stopping | stop→stopped · plan→planned · drop→dropped | big→bigger · hot→hotter · thin→thinner |
| NAO dobra | 2 vogais antes · ou termina em 2 consoantes | — | eat→eating · rain→raining · work→working | rain→rained · work→worked · look→looked | cool→cooler · fast→faster |
| regra 2 — termina em -e silencioso · remove o -e | |||||
| remove o -e | termina em -e silencioso | — | write→writing · make→making · love→loving · have→having | love→loved · use→used · dance→danced | nice→nicer · large→larger · late→later |
| regra 3 — termina em consoante + -y · troca -y por -i | |||||
| -y → -i | consoante + y | story→stories · baby→babies · city→cities · lady→ladies · party→parties | — (mant. -y: studying) | study→studied · carry→carried · try→tried · worry→worried | happy→happier · easy→easier · busy→busier |
| mant. -y | vogal + y | day→days · boy→boys · key→keys · monkey→monkeys | play→playing · enjoy→enjoying | play→played · enjoy→enjoyed · stay→stayed | — |
| regra 4 — plural · terminacoes especiais | |||||
| +es | termina em -s -x -z -ch -sh | box→boxes · bus→buses · watch→watches · dish→dishes · buzz→buzzes | — | ||
| -f/-fe → -ves | termina em -f ou -fe | knife→knives · leaf→leaves · half→halves · life→lives · wife→wives | excecoes: roof→roofs · cliff→cliffs · belief→beliefs | ||
| -o → -oes | termina em -o (alguns) | tomato→tomatoes · potato→potatoes · hero→heroes | excecoes: photo→photos · piano→pianos · radio→radios | ||
| regra 5 — -ed pronuncia (3 sons diferentes) | |||||
| /ɪd/ | apos /t/ ou /d/ | wanted /wɒntɪd/ · needed /ni:dɪd/ · landed · printed | silaba extra · mais facil de ouvir | ||
| /t/ | apos /p/ /k/ /f/ /s/ /ʃ/ /tʃ/ | worked /wɜ:kt/ · stopped /stɒpt/ · laughed /lɑ:ft/ · watched | sem silaba extra | ||
| /d/ | todos os outros casos | called /kɔ:ld/ · lived /lɪvd/ · opened · played · loved | sem silaba extra | ||
⑬ Modais — forma + significado real
| Modal | Presente (todas as pessoas) | Passado equiv. | Negativa | Significado 1 | Significado 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| can / could | |||||
| can | I/you/he/we/they can | could / was able to | can't / cannot | capacidade: I can swim. | permissao: Can I leave? |
| could | I/you/he/we/they could | could have + pp | couldn't | possib. passada: She could run fast. | pedido polido: Could you help? |
| must / have to / should | |||||
| must | I/you/he/we/they must | had to | mustn't (proibicao) | obrigacao: You must stop. | deducao: He must be home. |
| have to | I have to / He has to | had to | don't have to (desnec.) | obrigacao externa: I have to work. | don't have to ≠ mustn't |
| should | I/you/he/we/they should | should have + pp | shouldn't | conselho: You should rest. | critica: You should have called. |
| may / might / would | |||||
| may | I/you/he/we/they may | may have + pp | may not | possibilidade ~50%: It may rain. | permissao formal: May I come in? |
| might | I/you/he/we/they might | might have + pp | might not | possibilidade ~30%: It might work. | especulacao: He might have left. |
| would | I/you/he/we/they would / 'd | would have + pp | wouldn't | condicional: I'd help if I could. | pedido: Would you mind? |
| modal + have + pp — especulacao sobre o passado | |||||
| must have + pp | He must have left. (quase certeza) | He can't have left. (impossibilidade) | You could have told me. (possib. perdida) | ||
| should have + pp | You should have called. (critica) · You shouldn't have done that. | ||||
| ⚠ Modais: mesma forma em TODAS as pessoas · sem -s na 3a · sem to (exceto ought to, have to, used to) | |||||
⑬ Probabilidade com Modais — escala
| Certeza | Modal | Afirmativa | Negativa |
|---|---|---|---|
| ~100% | will | He will be home. | He won't be home. |
| ~95% | must | He must be home. (deducao logica) | He can't be home. (impossibilidade) |
| ~70% | should / ought to | He should be home by now. | He shouldn't be long. |
| ~50% | may | He may be home. | He may not be home. |
| ~30% | might / could | He might be home. · He could be there. | He might not be home. |
| passado — especulacao retroativa | |||
| quase certo | must have + pp | He must have left already. | He can't have left yet. |
| possivel | may/might have + pp | He might have forgotten. | He might not have seen it. |
| critica | should have + pp | You should have called. | You shouldn't have done that. |
⑭ Gerund vs Infinitive
| Gerund (V-ing) | Infinitive (to + V) | Ambos — significado muda! |
|---|---|---|
| verbos que exigem cada forma | ||
| enjoy · avoid · finish · mind · keep · consider · suggest · practise · risk · deny · miss · imagine I enjoy swimming. She avoids eating sugar. He finished writing the report. Would you mind helping? |
want · need · decide · hope · plan · promise · refuse · seem · afford · manage · offer · expect · agree · arrange · fail I want to swim. She decided to leave. He needs to work harder. We can't afford to wait. |
stop: I stopped smoking. (parei de fumar) I stopped to smoke. (parei para fumar) remember: I remember locking the door. (lembro que fechei) Remember to lock the door! (nao esqueca) try: Try eating less. (experimente) Try to eat less. (tente conseguir) |
| preposicao sempre pede gerund | ||
| after · before · without · by · for + V-ing: She left without saying goodbye. · I'm good at cooking. · He's used to working late. | ✗ I'm used to work late → ✓ I'm used to working late | |
⑮ Comparatives & Superlatives
| Tipo | Regra | Comparativo | Superlativo | Exemplo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| adjetivos curtos (1 silaba) | ||||
| 1 silaba | + -er / -est | tall → taller | tall → the tallest | He is taller than me. · She is the tallest. |
| 1 sil. + CVC | dobra consoante | big → bigger | big → the biggest | This box is bigger. · That's the biggest. |
| termina em -y | -y → -ier / -iest | happy → happier | happy → the happiest | She's happier now. |
| adjetivos longos (2+ silabas) | ||||
| 2+ silabas | more / most + adj. | more interesting | the most interesting | This is more interesting than that. |
| irregulares | ||||
| good · bad · far · little | — | better · worse · further · less | the best · the worst · the furthest · the least | It got worse. · That's the best option. |
| estruturas de comparacao | ||||
| igualdade | as + adj + as | She is as tall as him. · It's not as good as I expected. | ✗ She is tall as him. | |
| progressao | -er and -er | It's getting bigger and bigger. · More and more people use it. | tendencia crescente | |
⑯ Conditionals — 0 · 1 · 2 · 3 · mixed
| Tipo | If-clause | Main clause | Exemplo | Uso |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zero | if + present simple | present simple | If you heat ice, it melts. | verdade geral / cientifica |
| 1st | if + present simple | will + V | If it rains, I will stay. | real / provavel no futuro |
| 2nd | if + past simple | would + V | If I had money, I would travel. | hipotese irreal no presente |
| 3rd | if + past perfect | would have + pp | If I had known, I would have gone. | irreal no passado / arrependimento |
| Mixed | if + past perfect | would + V | If I had studied, I would be rich now. | passado → consequencia presente |
| ⚠ "If I were you..." (2nd) — were para todas as pessoas (formal); was aceito informal. · Unless = if not: Unless it rains, we'll go. | ||||
⑰ Voz Passiva — be + past participle
| Tempo | Ativa | Passiva | Passiva Neg. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | They make cars. | Cars are made. | Cars aren't made. |
| Present Cont. | They are making cars. | Cars are being made. | Cars aren't being made. |
| Present Perfect | They have made cars. | Cars have been made. | Cars haven't been made. |
| Past Simple | They made cars. | Cars were made. | Cars weren't made. |
| Past Perfect | They had made cars. | Cars had been made. | Cars hadn't been made. |
| Future Simple | They will make cars. | Cars will be made. | Cars won't be made. |
| Modal | They must check it. | It must be checked. | It must not be checked. |
| ⚠ Agente com "by": The book was written by Orwell. · Omite-se o agente quando irrelevante ou obvio. | |||
⑱ Conjunctions & Linking Words — conectar ideias
| Funcao | Palavra / expressao | Exemplo |
|---|---|---|
| adicao | ||
| adicao simples | and · also · too · as well · in addition · furthermore · moreover | She speaks English and French. · He's tall. He's also smart. |
| contraste | ||
| contraste | but · however · although · though · even though · while · whereas · nevertheless · despite · in spite of | I like it, but it's expensive. · Although it rained, we went. · Despite being tired, she worked. |
| causa e resultado | ||
| causa | because · since · as · due to · owing to | She left because she was tired. · Due to the rain, we stayed. |
| resultado | so · therefore · as a result · consequently · thus · hence | It was late, so we left. · He studied hard; therefore he passed. |
| tempo | ||
| tempo | when · while · as · before · after · until · since · as soon as · once · by the time | Call me when you arrive. · While I was cooking, she cleaned. · I'll wait until you're ready. |
| condicao e proposito | ||
| condicao | if · unless · provided that · as long as · in case | Go if you want. · Unless you hurry, we'll be late. · Take an umbrella in case it rains. |
| proposito | so that · in order to · to | She studied hard so that she could pass. · I left early to catch the bus. |
➊ Relative Clauses — who · which · that · whose · where
| Pronome | Refere-se a | Exemplo | Nota |
|---|---|---|---|
| defining (restritiva) — sem virgula · identifica quem/o que | |||
| who / that | pessoa (sujeito) | The man who called is my boss. · The woman that won was surprised. | who = preferido para pessoas |
| which / that | coisa / animal | The car that/which broke is mine. · The book which I read was great. | that preferido no informal |
| whose | posse (pessoa ou coisa) | The woman whose bag was stolen called the police. | = de quem / cujo |
| where / when | lugar / tempo | The city where I grew up is beautiful. · The day when we met was rainy. | = in which / on which |
| non-defining (explicativa) — com virgula · adiciona info extra | |||
| who / which | pessoa / coisa | My brother, who lives in London, is a doctor. · The Eiffel Tower, which was built in 1889, is in Paris. | NAO usar "that" aqui |
| omissao do pronome relativo (contact clause) | |||
| Quando objeto da clausula, pode omitir: The book (that) I read · The man (who) I met. ✗ Nao omitir quando sujeito: The man who called ✗ The man called. | |||
➋ Reported Speech — discurso indireto
| Direto | Indireto (backshift) | Regra |
|---|---|---|
| tempo verbal recua um grau no passado | ||
| "I am tired." | She said (that) she was tired. | present simple → past simple |
| "I have finished." | She said she had finished. | present perfect → past perfect |
| "I went." | He said he had gone. | past simple → past perfect |
| "I will go." | She said she would go. | will → would · can → could · may → might · must → had to |
| mudancas de pronome e expressoes de tempo | ||
| "I'll see you tomorrow." | She said she would see me the next day. | tomorrow → the next day · today → that day · here → there · this → that |
| perguntas e comandos indiretos | ||
| "Do you like it?" | He asked if/whether I liked it. | pergunta sim/nao → if / whether + ordem normal |
| "Where do you live?" | She asked where I lived. | WH- question → WH- + ordem normal (sem aux.) |
| "Close the door!" | He told me to close the door. | comando → tell/ask + to + infinitive |
➌ Phrasal Verbs — nucleo estrutural
| Verbo | Phrasal | Significado | Exemplo |
|---|---|---|---|
| GET | |||
| get | get up | levantar (da cama) | I get up at 7am. |
| get | get over | superar | She got over the breakup. |
| get | get along (with) | se dar bem com | They get along well. |
| get | get by | se virar / sobreviver | We can get by on little money. |
| get | get rid of | se livrar de | Get rid of the trash. |
| get | get out of | escapar / sair de | He got out of trouble. |
| TAKE / MAKE / BREAK / COME / GO | |||
| take | take off | decolar / tirar (roupa) | The plane takes off at 8. · Take off your shoes. |
| take | take over | assumir o controle | She took over the company. |
| take | take out | levar para sair / sacar | Take out the trash. · Take her out for dinner. |
| make | make up | inventar / reconciliar | She made up a story. · They made up after the fight. |
| break | break down | quebrar / desmoronar emoc. | The car broke down. · She broke down crying. |
| break | break up (with) | terminar relacionamento | They broke up last year. |
| come | come up with | criar / pensar em | He came up with a great idea. |
| come | come across | encontrar por acaso / parecer | She comes across as confident. |
| go | go through | passar por (dificuldade) | He went through a lot. |
| go | go on | continuar / acontecer | What's going on? · Go on, I'm listening. |
| PUT / TURN / LOOK / GIVE | |||
| put | put off | adiar | Don't put off what you can do today. |
| put | put up with | suportar / aguentar | I can't put up with this noise. |
| turn | turn up / down | aparecer / recusar; aumentar/baixar vol. | He turned up late. · Turn down the music. |
| turn | turn out | resultar / revelar-se | It turned out fine. |
| look | look up | pesquisar / melhorar | Look it up online. · Things are looking up. |
| look | look forward to | aguardar ansiosamente | I look forward to meeting you. |
| give | give up | desistir | Don't give up. |
| give | give in | ceder | He finally gave in. |
* Separavel: Turn the music down = Turn down the music. Com pronome, sempre separado: Turn it down (✗ turn down it). · Inseparavel: look after the kids (✗ look the kids after).
➍ Collocations — o que soa natural
| make + ... | do + ... | take + ... | have + ... | go + ... |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| make a decision make a mistake make an effort make a noise make progress make money make sense make friends make a suggestion make a phone call |
do homework do the dishes do business do damage do your best do research do an exercise do a favour do well / badly do nothing |
take a shower take a break take a photo take a risk take an exam take a look take notes take time take action take responsibility |
have a meal have a drink have a bath have a good time have an argument have a conversation have difficulty have fun have a baby have a meeting |
go shopping go swimming go for a walk go on holiday go wrong go missing go crazy go bankrupt go abroad go home |
| adjetivo + preposicao (padroes fixos) | ||||
| good at · bad at interested in involved in |
afraid of · proud of tired of · capable of full of |
responsible for famous for ready for · sorry for |
married to · similar to related to · used to kind to |
depend on · rely on insist on · agree with different from |
| adjetivo + substantivo (naturais vs artificiais) | ||||
| heavy rain ✓ (✗ strong rain) · heavy traffic · heavy smoker | strong wind ✓ (✗ heavy wind) · strong coffee · strong opinion | deep sleep · broad knowledge · high speed | ||
➎ Preposicoes — tempo · lugar · padroes
| in | on | at | by · until · since · for |
|---|---|---|---|
| in January in 2024 in the morning in summer in the room in the street in a city in time (a tempo) |
on Monday on 5th July on the weekend (AmE) on the left/right on the floor on a bus / train on TV / internet on time (pontualmente) |
at 8 o'clock at night at the weekend (BrE) at home / at work at school at the end at the top / bottom at first / at last |
by Friday (limite) until Friday (ate) since 2020 (desde, perf.) for 3 years (duracao) from...to... (intervalo) during the meeting before / after noon within a week |
| verbo + preposicao (padroes fixos) | |||
| believe in result in specialize in succeed in |
depend on rely on concentrate on insist on |
arrive at (local) arrive in (cidade) look at · aim at laugh at |
apply for · pay for wait for · ask for agree with · deal with suffer from · benefit from |
➏ Register — formal · informal · falado · escrito
| Informal / Falado | Formal / Escrito | Nota |
|---|---|---|
| I'll do it. | I will do it. / I shall do it. | contracoes evitadas no formal |
| Can you help? | Could you help? / Would you be able to help? | could/would = mais polido |
| get in touch · find out · go up · put off | contact · discover · increase · postpone | phrasal verbs → Latim no formal |
| Wanna / Gonna / Gotta | Want to / Going to / Have got to | apenas fala informal |
| loads of / a lot of | a considerable amount of / numerous | quantificadores |
| like (conj.): It looks like it'll rain. | as / as if: It looks as if it will rain. | like como conjuncao = informal |
| I don't think it'll work. | I do not believe this will be effective. | frases mais longas no formal |
➐ Wish & If Only — desejos e arrependimentos
| Estrutura | Tempo verbal | Exemplo | Significado |
|---|---|---|---|
| wish / if only + passado — situacao irreal no presente | |||
| wish + past simple | past simple (irreal) | I wish I knew the answer. · I wish I had more time. | desejo irreal agora · ✗ I wish I know |
| wish + were | were (todas as pessoas) | I wish I were taller. · She wishes she were here. | formal: were · informal: was aceito |
| wish / if only + past perfect — arrependimento sobre o passado | |||
| wish + past perfect | past perfect | I wish I had studied harder. · I wish I hadn't said that. | arrependimento · ja nao pode mudar |
| wish + would — desejo de mudanca (frustracao / pedido) | |||
| wish + would + V | would + V | I wish you would stop talking. · I wish it would stop raining. | queixa / pedido indireto · nao usar para si mesmo |
| if only — igual ao wish, mas com enfase emocional maior | |||
| if only + past / pp | igual ao wish | If only I had more money! · If only I hadn't missed the flight. | tom mais dramatico / expressivo |
➑ Inversion — inversao formal e enfase
| Trigger | Estrutura | Exemplo | Equivalente normal |
|---|---|---|---|
| negacao / restricao no inicio — enfase formal / literaria | |||
| Never | Never + aux + S + V | Never have I seen such beauty. | I have never seen such beauty. |
| Rarely / Seldom | Rarely + aux + S + V | Rarely does he make mistakes. | He rarely makes mistakes. |
| Not only | Not only + aux + S + V, but also... | Not only did she win, but she also broke the record. | She not only won, but also broke the record. |
| Hardly / Scarcely | Hardly + aux + S + V, when... | Hardly had I arrived when it started raining. | I had hardly arrived when it started raining. |
| Only then | Only then + aux + S + V | Only then did I understand. | I understood only then. |
| condicional invertida (sem "if") — nivel C1/C2 | |||
| Had (3rd cond.) | Had + S + pp, ... would have | Had I known, I would have helped. | If I had known, I would have helped. |
| Were (2nd cond.) | Were + S + ..., ... would | Were I in your position, I would leave. | If I were in your position, I would leave. |
| Should (1st cond.) | Should + S + V, ... | Should you need help, call me. | If you need help, call me. |
➒ Cleft Sentences — enfase e foco
| Tipo | Estrutura | Exemplo | Foco em |
|---|---|---|---|
| it-cleft — foco em qualquer elemento da frase | |||
| It + be + X + that/who | It was/is + elemento + that/who + resto | It was John who called. · It was yesterday that I saw her. · It's money that matters. | John · yesterday · money |
| wh-cleft (pseudo-cleft) — foco no predicado | |||
| What + S + V + is/was + X | What + clause + be + complement | What I need is a break. · What she did was lie. · What surprised me was his reaction. | a break · lie · his reaction |
| all-cleft — restricao e enfase | |||
| All + S + V + is/was + X | All + clause + be + complement | All I want is peace. · All he did was complain. | peace · complain (apenas isso) |
➓ False Friends & Armadilhas Classicas
| Palavra em ingles | Parece significar | Significado real | Como dizer o que quis |
|---|---|---|---|
| false friends — palavras enganosas para falantes de portugues | |||
| actually | atualmente | na verdade / de fato | currently / nowadays (atualmente) |
| eventually | eventualmente | por fim / no final das contas | occasionally / sometimes (eventualmente) |
| pretend | pretender (ter intencao) | fingir | intend / plan to (pretender) |
| sensible | sensivel | sensato / razoavel | sensitive (sensivel) |
| comprehensive | compreensivel | abrangente / completo | understandable (compreensivel) |
| assist | assistir (ver) | ajudar / auxiliar | watch / attend (assistir) |
| college | colegio (escola) | faculdade / universidade | school / high school (colegio) |
| library | livraria | biblioteca | bookshop / bookstore (livraria) |
| push | puxar | empurrar | pull (puxar) |
| pronuncia de -ed | |||
| -ed apos /t/ /d/ | /ɛd/ | wanted /wɒntɪd/ · needed /ni:dɪd/ | silaba extra |
| -ed apos /p/ /k/ /f/ /s/ | /t/ | worked /wɜ:kt/ · stopped /stɒpt/ | sem silaba extra |
| -ed outros casos | /d/ | called /kɔ:ld/ · lived /lɪvd/ · opened /əʊpənd/ | sem silaba extra |
❔ Numbers & Ordinals — cardinais · ordinais · fracoes · porcentagens
| Cardinal | Ordinal | Fracao | Porcentagem / Decimal |
|---|---|---|---|
| cardinais e ordinais basicos | |||
| 1 one · 2 two · 3 three · 4 four · 5 five | 1st first · 2nd second · 3rd third · 4th fourth · 5th fifth | 1/2 a half · 1/3 a third · 1/4 a quarter | 25% twenty-five percent · 3.5 three point five |
| 6 six · 7 seven · 8 eight · 9 nine · 10 ten | 6th sixth · 7th seventh · 8th eighth · 9th ninth · 10th tenth | 2/3 two thirds · 3/4 three quarters · 3/5 three fifths | 0.75 zero point seven five · 100% one hundred percent |
| 11 eleven · 12 twelve · 13 thirteen · 20 twenty · 21 twenty-one | 11th eleventh · 12th twelfth · 13th thirteenth · 20th twentieth · 21st twenty-first | denominador vira ordinal no plural: 2/5 = two fifths | 1,000 a thousand · 1,000,000 a million · 1,000,000,000 a billion |
| irregulares e padroes especiais | |||
| 100 a/one hundred · 1,000 a/one thousand | 100th hundredth · 1,000th thousandth | 1 1/2 one and a half · 2 1/4 two and a quarter | nao se usa "and" antes de decimais em AmE: 3.5 = three point five |
| uso em datas, anos e numeros de telefone | |||
| Datas: 5th July / July 5th (BrE: the fifth of July · AmE: July fifth) | Anos: 1985 = nineteen eighty-five · 2000 = two thousand · 2024 = twenty twenty-four | ||
| Tel.: 0207 = oh two oh seven (BrE) / zero two zero seven · 007 = double oh seven | Numeros grandes: 1,250 = one thousand two hundred and fifty (BrE) / one thousand two hundred fifty (AmE) | ||
❕ Time Expressions — ago · already · yet · still · just · recently
| Expressao | Uso / Posicao | Afirmativa | Negativa / Pergunta |
|---|---|---|---|
| ago — passado simples (tempo desde o momento presente) | |||
| ago | final da frase · past simple | I left two hours ago. · She called a week ago. | ✗ I left ago two hours. |
| already — antes do esperado (presente perfect / passado) | |||
| already | antes do pp ou no final · afirmativa | I've already eaten. · She has already left. · I already knew. | ✗ uso em neg. = enfase: Don't tell me — I already know! |
| yet — ate agora (presente perfect / negativa e pergunta) | |||
| yet | final da frase · neg. e pergunta | I haven't finished yet. · Has she arrived yet? | ✗ I haven't yet finished. (formal apenas) |
| still — continuidade (algo que persiste) | |||
| still | antes do verbo principal / depois do aux. | She is still working. · He still lives here. · I still don't understand. | still neg. = surpresa: He still hasn't called! |
| just — ha pouco / exatamente agora | |||
| just | antes do pp · presente perfect (BrE) / past simple (AmE) | I've just arrived. (BrE) · I just arrived. (AmE) · That's just what I needed. | ✗ I just have arrived. |
| recently / lately — periodo recente (presente perfect ou past simple) | |||
| recently / lately | final ou inicio da frase | I've been working a lot lately. · Recently, prices have risen. · I saw him recently. | lately = apenas com presente perfect ou continuous |
| for / since / during — duracao e periodo | |||
| for | duracao + presente perfect ou simple | I've lived here for 5 years. · He waited for an hour. | ✗ I live here since 5 years. |
| since | ponto de inicio + presente perfect | I've lived here since 2019. · She hasn't called since Monday. | ✗ I live here since 2019. |
| during | + substantivo (nao clausula) | During the meeting, she left. · It rained during the night. | ✗ during he was sleeping → ✓ while he was sleeping |
| outras expressoes temporais comuns | |||
| passado: yesterday · last night/week/year · the day before yesterday · in the past · used to (habito passado) | futuro: tomorrow · next week/month · the day after tomorrow · soon · eventually · in the future · by then | ||
| presente: now · at the moment · currently · nowadays · these days · at present | frequencia: always · usually · often · sometimes · occasionally · rarely · never · every day/week/year | ||
❖ Ellipsis & Substituicao — so · neither · so do I · I think so
| Estrutura | Uso | Exemplo | Nota |
|---|---|---|---|
| so / neither / nor — concordar com afirmativas e negativas | |||
| So + aux + S | concordar com afirmativa | "I like coffee." — "So do I." · "She can swim." — "So can he." · "They went." — "So did we." | aux concorda com o tempo do original |
| Neither/Nor + aux + S | concordar com negativa | "I don't like it." — "Neither do I." · "She can't come." — "Neither can he." · "Nor can I." | Neither e Nor sao intercambiaveis |
| so / not — substituir clausula inteira | |||
| I think/hope/believe so | substituir clausula positiva | "Will it rain?" — "I think so." · "I hope so." · "I'm afraid so." · "I suppose so." | so = a clausula anterior inteira |
| I think/hope not | substituir clausula negativa | "Will it rain?" — "I hope not." · "I don't think so." · "I'm afraid not." · "I suppose not." | I don't think so = I think not (mais comum) |
| ellipsis — omitir partes redundantes da frase | |||
| Omissao do verbo | evitar repeticao | She can swim and so can he. · I haven't finished but she has. · He went, but I didn't. | omite-se o verbo principal, mantem-se o aux. |
| Omissao do sujeito | clausulas coordenadas | She woke up, (she) had breakfast and (she) left. · He opened the door and (he) walked in. | sujeito identico pode ser omitido |
| do so / do it / do that — substituir verbo + objeto | |||
| do so | formal / evitar repeticao | She was asked to resign and she did so immediately. · If you need help, please do so. | do so = mais formal que do it |
| do it / do that | informal | "Can you fix it?" — "I'll do it later." · "Don't do that!" | do it = acao especifica · do that = referencia ao que foi dito |
❗ Subjunctive — forma · uso · exemplos
| Tipo | Forma | Exemplo | Uso / Nota |
|---|---|---|---|
| present subjunctive — base form para todas as pessoas (sem -s na 3a) | |||
| that + S + V (base) | verbo base sem -s na 3a pessoa | It's important that he be there. · I suggest that she leave early. · They recommended that he apply. | formal / escrito · comum em AmE · BrE prefere should: I suggest that she should leave. |
| verbos que pedem subjunctive | suggest · recommend · insist · demand · require · propose · ask · urge · it is essential/vital/important/necessary that... | The doctor recommended that she rest. · It is essential that everyone arrive on time. · I insist that he attend. | ✗ It is important that he is there. (erro comum) |
| past subjunctive — were para todas as pessoas | |||
| were (todas as pessoas) | were (nao was) | If I were you, I'd leave. · I wish I were taller. · She acts as if she were the boss. | formal: were obrigatorio · informal: was aceito · as if / as though / if only / wish + were |
| expressoes fixas com subjunctive | |||
| Expressoes | forma fixa | God save the King! · Long live the republic! · Be that as it may... · Come what may... · Far be it from me to... | sobrevivencias arcaicas · forma fixa · nao conjugar |
❘ Telling the Time & Calendar
| Hora (BrE) | Hora (AmE / universal) | Periodo do dia | Nota |
|---|---|---|---|
| horas exatas | |||
| It's three o'clock. | It's three o'clock. / It's three. | 3:00 | o'clock so em horas exatas |
| It's twelve o'clock. | It's noon. / It's midnight. | 12:00 / 00:00 | noon = meio-dia · midnight = meia-noite |
| meias horas e quartos | |||
| It's half past three. | It's three thirty. | 3:30 | half past = BrE natural · AmE prefere numerais |
| It's a quarter past three. | It's three fifteen. | 3:15 | a quarter past = 15 min depois |
| It's a quarter to four. | It's three forty-five. | 3:45 | a quarter to = 15 min antes da proxima hora |
| outros minutos | |||
| It's twenty past three. · It's five to four. | It's three twenty. · It's three fifty-five. | 3:20 / 3:55 | BrE: minutos past/to · AmE: hora + minutos direto |
| AM / PM e formato 24h | |||
| am = ante meridiem (meia-noite ate meio-dia) · pm = post meridiem (meio-dia ate meia-noite) | 8am = 8:00 · 8pm = 20:00 | formato 24h mais comum em horarios oficiais, transporte, militar | |
| perguntas sobre hora | |||
| What time is it? · What's the time? (BrE) · Do you have the time? (AmE) | It's... · At what time...? · When does it start/open/close? | ||
| dias da semana & meses | |||
| Mon · Tue · Wed · Thu · Fri · Sat · Sun Monday · Tuesday · Wednesday · Thursday · Friday · Saturday · Sunday |
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec January February March April May June July August September October November December |
||
| estacoes e expressoes de calendario | |||
| spring · summer · autumn/fall · winter on Monday · last Tuesday · next Friday · this weekend |
in January · in winter · in 2024 · at the weekend (BrE) · on the weekend (AmE) fortnight = 2 semanas (BrE) · biweekly = a cada 2 semanas ou 2x por semana (ambiguo!) |
||
❙ Reductions & Informal Speech — gonna · wanna · gotta · kinda
| Reducao (falado) | Forma completa | Exemplo falado | Nota |
|---|---|---|---|
| reducoes mais comuns — essenciais para entender nativos | |||
| gonna | going to | I'm gonna call her later. · What are you gonna do? | futuro de intencao · ✗ I gonna (precisa do auxiliar am/is/are) |
| wanna | want to | I wanna go home. · Do you wanna come? | ✗ I wanna = I want to (nao want a) |
| gotta | have got to / have to | I gotta go. · You gotta be kidding me! | obrigacao informal · muito comum em AmE |
| hafta / hasta | have to | I hafta finish this. · She hasta leave now. | mais AmE · raro na escrita |
| kinda | kind of | It's kinda weird. · I kinda like it. | suaviza o adjetivo / hedging |
| sorta | sort of | It's sorta hard to explain. · I sorta agree. | igual ao kinda · muito informal |
| dunno | don't know / I don't know | I dunno. · Dunno what to say. | extremamente comum em conversas · nunca em escrita |
| lemme | let me | Lemme see. · Lemme think about it. | pedido informal |
| gimme | give me | Gimme a second. · Gimme a break! | gimme a break = expressao: da um tempo! |
| woulda / coulda / shoulda | would have / could have / should have | I woulda helped. · You shoulda told me. · It coulda been worse. | modal + have · muito comum em fala rapida |
| musta / hadda | must have / had to | He musta left already. · She hadda do it. | mesmo padrao de reducao |
| innit | isn't it (tag question) | It's cold, innit? · That's mad, innit? | tipicamente BrE / slang urbano · tag universal |
| contrações menos obvias — frequentes em fala rapida | |||
| whatcha / watcha | what are you / what have you | Whatcha doing? · Whatcha got there? | fala muito rapida |
| gotcha | got you / I got you | Gotcha! (entendi / te peguei) · I gotcha. (entendi voce) | dois significados: entendimento ou pegadinha |
| betcha | bet you | I betcha he won't come. · Betcha can't do it! | aposta informal |
| y'all | you all / you guys | How are y'all doing? · Y'all ready? | tipicamente AmE sul · mas popular em todo o AmE informal |
| ain't | am not / is not / are not / have not / has not | I ain't going. · She ain't got time. · That ain't right. | muito informal / dialectal · nao usar em escrita formal |
| regra geral | |||
| ⚠ Reducoes sao para FALA e escrita muito informal (chat, legenda, letra de musica). ✗ nunca em email profissional, redacao, apresentacao. · Entender = essencial. Usar = contexto certo. | |||
❚ Idioms — expressoes idiomaticas por tema
🫀 Corpo humano
| Idiom | Significado | Idiom | Significado | Idiom | Significado |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| knock the socks off | impressionar demais / arrasar | cost an arm and a leg | custar uma fortuna | pull someone's leg | zoar / estar de brincadeira |
| get cold feet | ficar com medo na hora H | bite the bullet | aguentar firme / engolir seco | turn a blind eye | fazer vista grossa |
| keep an eye on | ficar de olho em | have a gut feeling | ter um pressentimento | get it off your chest | desabafar / tirar um peso |
| butterflies in your stomach | estar nervoso / ansioso | keep your chin up | nao desanime / animo! | all ears | todo ouvidos / atento |
| on the tip of my tongue | na ponta da lingua | rule of thumb | regra geral / pratica | bite the hand that feeds you | morder a mao que te da de comer |
🐾 Animais
| Idiom | Significado | Idiom | Significado | Idiom | Significado |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| let the cat out of the bag | revelar segredo sem querer | kill two birds with one stone | resolver dois problemas de uma vez | the elephant in the room | problema obvio que ninguem menciona |
| bark up the wrong tree | estar no caminho errado | let sleeping dogs lie | nao mexer em vespeiro | it's raining cats and dogs | chovendo muito / a cantaros |
| hold your horses | calma! / espera um pouco | a wolf in sheep's clothing | lobo em pele de cordeiro | straight from the horse's mouth | direto da fonte / de primeira mao |
| the black sheep | a ovelha negra da familia | when pigs fly | quando as galinhas tiverem dentes | a fish out of water | peixe fora d'agua / deslocado |
| open a can of worms | abrir caixa de pandora | the early bird catches the worm | quem cedo acorda Deus ajuda | monkey see, monkey do | imitacao sem pensar |
🍕 Comida & Bebida
| Idiom | Significado | Idiom | Significado | Idiom | Significado |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| spill the beans | revelar segredo / entregar o jogo | bite off more than you can chew | se comprometer alem do que aguenta | piece of cake | moleza / muito facil |
| not my cup of tea | nao e do meu feitio / nao curto | in a nutshell | resumindo / em poucas palavras | take it with a grain of salt | nao levar tao a serio / ter ceticismo |
| cry over spilled milk | chorar pelo leite derramado | butter someone up | puxar saco / bajular alguem | icing on the cake | a cereja do bolo / que completa |
| sell like hot cakes | vender feito agua / grande sucesso | full of beans | cheio de energia / animado | bread and butter | ganha-pao / atividade principal |
| go bananas | enlouquecer / ficar doido | couch potato | pessoa sedentaria / viciada em sofa | the best thing since sliced bread | a melhor coisa do mundo |
💰 Dinheiro & Trabalho
| Idiom | Significado | Idiom | Significado | Idiom | Significado |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| break the bank | gastar demais / custar uma fortuna | on a shoestring | com orcamento minimo / apertado | back to square one | voltar do zero / comecar de novo |
| burn the midnight oil | trabalhar ate tarde / virar a noite | get the ball rolling | dar o pontape inicial / comecar | cut corners | fazer corpo mole / economizar mal |
| the bottom line | o que realmente importa / resumo | think outside the box | pensar fora da caixa / ser criativo | get down to business | ir direto ao ponto / comecar trabalhar |
| pass the buck | jogar responsabilidade para outro | learn the ropes | aprender o basico / pegar o jeito | a blessing in disguise | mal que vem para bem |
| the tip of the iceberg | a ponta do iceberg / so o inicio | add fuel to the fire | jogar lenha na fogueira | bite the dust | morder o po / fracassar |
🌤 Clima & Situacoes
| Idiom | Significado | Idiom | Significado | Idiom | Significado |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| under the weather | adoentado / nao se sentindo bem | steal someone's thunder | roubar o holofote de alguem | every cloud has a silver lining | todo problema tem um lado bom |
| weather the storm | superar dificuldades / aguentar | a storm in a teacup | tempestade em copo d'agua / exagero | in hot water | em apuros / em saia justa |
| on thin ice | pisando em ovos / situacao perigosa | break the ice | quebrar o gelo / iniciar conversa | once in a blue moon | de vez em nunca / rarissimamente |
| up in the air | incerto / sem definicao ainda | clear the air | resolver mal entendidos | at the drop of a hat | imediatamente / sem hesitar |
| come rain or shine | aconteca o que acontecer | jump on the bandwagon | entrar na onda / seguir a moda | hit the nail on the head | acertar em cheio / ir ao ponto |
🏠 Casa & Objetos
| Idiom | Significado | Idiom | Significado | Idiom | Significado |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hit the sack / hit the hay | ir dormir | burn bridges | queimar pontes / arruinar relacoes | sweep under the rug | esconder / varrer para debaixo do tapete |
| go back to the drawing board | repensar tudo / comecar do zero | on the fence | em cima do muro / indeciso | close but no cigar | quase la / chegou perto mas nao |
| hit the road | pegar a estrada / ir embora | miss the boat | perder o bonde / a oportunidade | rock the boat | causar problema / mexer no vespeiro |
| pull strings | puxar os cordoes / usar influencia | the last straw | a gota d'agua / o limite | not rocket science | nao e dificil / qualquer um faz |
| hang in there | aguenta! / nao desista | burn the boats | sem volta / compromisso total | back to the drawing board | voltar a estaca zero / repensar |
👥 Pessoas & Relacionamentos
| Idiom | Significado | Idiom | Significado | Idiom | Significado |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hit it off | se dar bem de imediato / ter quimica | rub someone the wrong way | irritar / cair no anseio de alguem | give the cold shoulder | dar um gelo / ignorar alguem |
| get on someone's nerves | irritar os nervos de alguem | drive someone up the wall | deixar alguem louco de raiva | see eye to eye | estar de acordo / ver da mesma forma |
| go the extra mile | fazer mais do que o esperado | read between the lines | ler nas entrelinhas | beat around the bush | enrolar / nao ir direto ao ponto |
| put your foot in your mouth | meter os pes pelas maos / gafe | get out of hand | fugir do controle / sair do limite | wrap your head around | conseguir assimilar algo complexo |
| be on the same wavelength | estar na mesma sintonia | a shot in the dark | tentativa no escuro / chute | bite someone's head off | responder grosseiramente / ser rude |
⚽ Esportes — Baseball & Football
| Idiom | Origem | Significado | Exemplo no contexto |
|---|---|---|---|
| home run | baseball | grande sucesso / vitoria decisiva | The new product was a home run for the company. |
| ballpark figure | baseball | estimativa aproximada | Give me a ballpark figure for the cost. |
| in a different ballpark | baseball | em outro nivel / categoria diferente | Their prices are in a completely different ballpark. |
| cover all your bases | baseball | cobrir todas as possibilidades | We need to cover all our bases before the meeting. |
| touch base with | baseball | entrar em contato brevemente | Let's touch base next week to check progress. |
| out of left field | baseball | inesperado / vindo do nada | Her resignation came out of left field. |
| step up to the plate | baseball | assumir a responsabilidade | We need someone to step up to the plate on this. |
| strike out | baseball | fracassar / nao conseguir | He struck out trying to get the contract. |
| game changer | fut. americano | algo que muda completamente a situacao | This new technology is a real game changer. |
| move the goalposts | fut. americano | mudar as regras no meio do jogo | They keep moving the goalposts — it's impossible to plan. |
| on the same page | fut. americano | em acordo / entendimento mutuo | Are we all on the same page about the deadline? |
| punt on something | fut. americano | desistir / passar a responsabilidade | They punted on the decision and delayed it again. |
| level playing field | futebol | condicoes iguais para todos | We want a level playing field for all competitors. |
| kick off | futebol | comecar / dar inicio | The project kicks off next Monday. |
| score an own goal | futebol | se prejudicar sem querer | Raising prices now would be scoring an own goal. |
🏋 Esportes — Boxe, Atletismo & Golfe
| Idiom | Origem | Significado | Exemplo no contexto |
|---|---|---|---|
| throw in the towel | boxe | desistir / render-se | After months of delays, they threw in the towel. |
| hit below the belt | boxe | golpe baixo / agir de forma desleal | Bringing up his past was hitting below the belt. |
| go the distance | boxe | aguentar ate o fim / persistir | Not everyone can go the distance in this industry. |
| on the ropes | boxe | em apuros / quase perdendo | After the scandal, the company was on the ropes. |
| roll with the punches | boxe | adaptar-se as adversidades | You have to roll with the punches in this business. |
| take the gloves off | boxe | partir para confronto direto / sem filtro | The debate got serious when both sides took the gloves off. |
| jump the gun | atletismo | agir precipitadamente / antes da hora | Don't jump the gun — wait for confirmation first. |
| front runner | atletismo | favorito / lider na disputa | She's the front runner for the promotion. |
| neck and neck | atletismo | empatados / muito proximos | The two candidates are neck and neck in the polls. |
| down to the wire | atletismo | decidido no ultimo momento | The negotiation went down to the wire before a deal was reached. |
| get a second wind | atletismo | recuperar o folego / ter novo animo | The team got a second wind in the final quarter. |
| photo finish | atletismo | resultado decidido por detalhe minimo | The election was a photo finish — less than 1% apart. |
| jump through hoops | equitacao | passar por muita burocracia / obstaculos | We had to jump through hoops to get the visa approved. |
| par for the course | golfe | normal / esperado / dentro do previsto | Delays like that are par for the course in construction. |
| on the back foot | cricket | em desvantagem / na defensiva | The announcement put the government on the back foot. |
